1) Isaacs D, et al : Epidemiology of coronavirus respiratory infections. Arch Dis Child 58 : 500-503, 1983.
2) Gaunt ER, et al : Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method. J Clin Microbiol 48 : 2940-2947, 2010.
3) Monto AS : Medical reviews. Coronaviruses. Yale J Biol Med 47 : 234-251, 1974.
4) Callow KA, et al : The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man. Epidemiol Infect 105 : 435-446, 1990.
5) Zhu N, et al : A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382 : 727-733, 2020.
6) Hoffmann M, et al : SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell 181 : 271-280.e8, 2020.
7) Matsuyama S, et al : Enhanced isolation of SARS-CoV-2 by TMPRSS2-expressing cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117 : 7001-7003, 2020.
8) Davies NG, et al : Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-21ineage B.1.1.7 in England. Science 372 : eabg3055, 2021.
9) Challen R, et al : Risk of mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/1 : matched cohort study. BMJ 372 : n579, 2021.
10) Mahase E : Covid-19 : What new variants are emerging and how are they being investigated? BMJ 372 : n158, 2021.
11) Madhi SA, et al : Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant. N Engl J Med 384 : 1885-1898, 2021.
12) Fujino T, et al : Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Travelers from Brazil to Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 27 : 1243-1245, 2021.
13) Sheikh A, et al : SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland : demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness. Lancet 397 : 2461-2462, 2021.
14) Li Q, et al : Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 382 : 1199-1207, 2020.
15) Guan WJ, et al : Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382 : 1708-1720, 2020.
16) Kutsuna S, et al : SARS-CoV-2 Screening Test for Japanese Returnees From Wuhan, China, January 2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 7 : ofaa243, 2020.
17) Oran DP, Topol EJ : The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic : A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med 174 : 655-662, 2021.
18) Kasper MR, et al : An Outbreak of Covid-19 on an Aircraft Carrier. N Engl J Med 383 : 2417-2426, 2020.
19) Stokes EK, et al : Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance-United States, January 22-May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69 : 759-765, 2020.
20) Cheung KS, et al : Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Virus Load in Fecal Samples From a Hong Kong Cohort : Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 159 : 81-95, 2020.
21) Tong JY, et al : The Prevalence of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 163 : 3-11, 2020.
22) Cevik M, et al : Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ 371 : m3862, 2020.
23) Oxley TJ, et al : Large-Vessel Stroke as a Presenting Feature of Covid-19 in the Young. N Engl J Med 382 : e60, 2020.
24) Bangalore S, et al : ST-Segment Elevation in Patients with Covid-19-A Case Series. N Engl J Med 382 : 2478-2480, 2020.
25) Ortega-Paz L, et al : Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Thrombosis and Coagulopathy : Review of the Pathophysiological Characteristics and Implications for Antithrombotic Management. J Am Heart Assoc 10 : e019650, 2021.
26) Gupta A, et al : Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med 26 : 1017-1032, 2020.
28) Matsunaga N, et al : Clinical epidemiology of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Japan : Report of the COVID-19 REGISTRY JAPAN. Clin Infect Dis : ciaa1470, 2020.
29) He X, et al : Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. Nat Med 26 : 672-675, 2020.
30) Rhee C, et al : Duration of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infectivity : When Is It Safe to Discontinue Isolation? Clin Infect Dis 72 : 1467-1474, 2021.
31) Meyerowitz EA, et al : Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 : A Review of Viral, Host, and Environmental Factors. Ann Intern Med 174 : 69-79, 2021.
32) Liang W, et al : Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection : a nationwide analysis in China. Lancet Oncol 21 : 335-337, 2020.
33) Lippi G, Henry BM : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Respir Med 167 : 105941, 2020.
34) Myers LC, et al : Characteristics of Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19 in an Integrated Health Care System in California. JAMA 323 : 2195-2198, 2020.
35) Fadini GP, et al : Prevalence and impact of diabetes among people infected with SARS-CoV-2. J Endocrinol Invest 43 : 867-869, 2020.
36) Zheng Z, et al : Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases : A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Infect 81 : e16-e25, 2020.
37) Yang J, et al : Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 94 : 91-95, 2020.
38) Popkin BM, et al : Individuals with obesity and COVID-19 : A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships. Obes Rev 21 : e13128, 2020.
39) Latif F, et al : Characteristics and Outcomes of Recipients of Heart Transplant With Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Cardiol 5 : 1165-1169, 2020.
40) Mahdavinia M, et al : Asthma prolongs intubation in COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 8 : 2388-2391, 2020.
41) Brenner EJ, et al : Corticosteroids, But Not TNF Antagonists, Are Associated With Adverse COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases : Results From an International Registry. Gastroenterology 159 : 481-491.e3, 2020.
42) Michelena X, et al : Incidence of COVID-19 in a cohort of adult and paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases treated with targeted biologic and synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Semin Arthritis Rheum 50 : 564-570, 2020.
43) Hadi YB, et al : Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with HIV : a multicentre research network study. AIDS 34 : F3-F8, 2020.
44) Ellington S, et al : Characteristics of Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status-United States, January 22-June 7, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69 : 769-775, 2020.
45) Allotey J, et al : Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy : living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 370 : m3320, 2020.
46) COVID-19レジストリ研究運営事務局・運営委員会 : COVID-19レジストリデータを用いた新型コロナウイルス感染症における年齢別症例致命割合について. IASR 42 : 19-20, 2021.
47) Liang W, et al : Development and Validation of a Clinical Risk Score to Predict the Occurrence of Critical Illness in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med 180 : 1081-1089, 2020.
48) Ji D, et al : Prediction for Progression Risk in Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia : The CALL Score. Clin Infect Dis 71 : 1393-1399, 2020.
49) Knight SR, et al : Risk stratification of patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol : development and validation of the 4C Mortality Score. BMJ 370 : m3339, 2020.
50) Yang Y, et al : Plasma IP-10 and MCP-3 levels are highly associated with disease severity and predict the progression of COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol 146 : 119-127.e4, 2020.
51) Silvin A, et al : Elevated Calprotectin and Abnormal Myeloid Cell Subsets Discriminate Severe from Mild COVID-19. Cell 182 : 1401-1418.e18, 2020.
52) Sugiyama M, et al : Serum CCL17 level becomes a predictive marker to distinguish between mild/moderate and severe/critical disease in patients with COVID-19. Gene 766 : 145145, 2021.
53) Carfi A, et al : Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19. JAMA 324 : 603-605, 2020.
54) Garrigues E, et al : Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19. J Infect 81 : e4-e6, 2020.
55) Miyazato Y, et al : Prolonged and late-onset symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis 7 : ofaa507, 2020.
56) Shi H, et al : Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China : a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 20 : 425-434, 2020.
57) Wang W, et al : Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Typesof Clinical Specimens. JAMA 323 : 1843-1844, 2020.
58) Williams E, et al : Saliva as a Noninvasive Specimen for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol 58 : e00776-20, 2020.
59) Wyllie AL, et al : Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med 383 : 1283-1286, 2020.
60) World Health Organization : Laboratory biosafety guidance related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) : interim guidance, 12 February 2020.
61) Ogawa T, et al : Another false-positive problem for a SARS-CoV-2 antigen test in Japan. J Clin Virol 131 : 104612, 2020.
62) Gandhi RT, et al : Mild or Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med 383 : 1757-1766, 2020.
63) Wang M, et al : Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30 : 269-271, 2020.
64) Wang Y, et al : Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19 : a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 395 : 1569-1578, 2020.
65) Beigel JH, et al : Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19-Final Report. N Engl J Med 383 : 1813-1826, 2020. (DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764)
66) Goldman JD, et al : Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 383 : 1827-1837, 2020.
67) Spinner CD, et al : Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19 : A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 324 : 1048-1057, 2020.
68) Pan H, et al : Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19-Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results. N Engl J Med 384 : 497-511, 2021.
69) Grein J, et al : Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382 : 2327-2336, 2020.
70) Horby P, et al : Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19-Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med 384 : 693-704, 2021.
71) Kalil AC, et al : Baricitinib plus Remdesivir for Hospitalized Adults with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384 : 795-807, 2021.
72) Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial 4 (ACTT-4). [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04640168]
73) Marconi VC, et al : Efficacy and safety of baricitinib in patients with COVID-19 infection : Results from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group COV-BARRIER phase 3 trial. medRxiv, 2021. (DOI : 10.1101/2021.04.30.21255934)
74) Stone JH, et al : Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19. N Engl Med 383 : 2333-2344, 2020.
75) Salvarani C, et al : Effect of Tocilizumab vs Standard Care on Clinical Worsening in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Pneumonia : A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 181 : 24-31, 2021.
76) Hermine O, et al : Effect of Tocilizumab vs Usual Care in Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 and Moderate or Severe Pneumonia : A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 181 : 32-40, 2021.
77) Salama C, et al : Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 384 : 20-30, 2021.
78) REMAP-CAP Investigators, et al : Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 384 : 1491-1502, 2021.
79) RECOVERY Collaborative Group : Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY) : a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet 397 : 1637-1645, 2021.
80) Cao B, et al : A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382 : 1787-1799, 2020.
81) RECOVERY Collaborative Group, et al : Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 383 : 2030-2040, 2020.
82) 小野薬品 : 蛋白分解酵素阻害剤「フオイパン錠」新型コロナウイルス感染症 (COVID-19) を対象とした国内第III相試験の結果について. 2021. 06. 11.
83) 国立国際医療研究センター : 吸入ステロイド薬シクレソニド (販売名 : オルベスコ) のCOVID-19を対象とした特定臨床研究結果速報について. 2020年12月23日.