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ステップビヨンドレジデント3　外傷・外科診療のツボ編

出版社：	羊土社
著者：	林寛之／著
発行日：	2006-08-25
分野：	臨床医学：一般 > 救命/救急
ISBN：	4758106088
シリーズ：	ステップビヨンドレジデント
電子書籍版：	2006-08-25 （第7刷）

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「カッコよい上級医めざして、愛の指導はまだまだ続く」。アップデートされた医学情報と現場のワザが大好評の「研修医指導虎の巻」第３弾。今回は、各種外傷・救急ガイドラインを上級医にふさわしく臨機応変に使いこなすためのワザを伝授します。

目次

ステップビヨンドレジデント3　外傷・外科診療のツボ編

―目次―

１章　Trauma Tips & Tricks
２章　頭はやっぱり大事だよ！〜頭部外傷編〜
３章　急所を押さえる〜「頸椎外傷」
４章　今，カナダが熱い！〜世界に発信！カナダルール〜
５章　ガブッときたらどうするの？
６章　アナフィラキシーなんて恐くない！
７章　泌尿器科救急の落とし穴
８章　知ってるようで知らない尿管結石

この書籍の参考文献

参考文献のリンクは、リンク先の都合等により正しく表示されない場合がありますので、あらかじめご了承下さい。

本参考文献は電子書籍掲載内容を元にしております。

1章 Trauma Tips & Tricks

P.15 掲載の参考文献

1) Schierhout, G. & Roberts, I.:Fluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions in critically in patients:a systematic review of randomized trials. BMJ, 316:961-964, 1998

2) Choi, P. T. et al.:Crystalloids vs. colloids in fluid resuscitation:a systematic review. Crit Care Med, 27(1):200-210, 1999

3) Roberts, I., et al.:Is the normalisation of blood pressure in bleeding trauma patients harmful? Lancet, 357:385-387, 2001

4) Dutton, R. P., et al.:Hypotensive resuscitation during active hemorrhage:Impact on in-hospital mortality. J Trauma, 52(6):1141-1146, 2002

5) Revell, M., et al.:Fluid resuscitation in prehospital trauma care:a consensus view. Emerg Med J, 19:494-498, 2002

6) Deakin, C. D. & Low, J. L.:Accuracy of the Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid, femoral and radial pulses:Observational study. BMJ, 321:673-674, 2000

7) Mahoney, E. J., et al.:Isolated brain injury as a cause of hypotension in the blunt trauma patient. J Trauma, 55(6):1065-1069, 2003

P.18 掲載の参考文献

8) Demetriades, D., et al.:Relative bradycardia in patients with traumatic hypotension. J Trauma, 45(3):534-539, 1998

9) Partrick, D. A., et al.:Is hypotension a reliable indicator of blood loss from traumatic injury in children? Am J Surg, 184:555-559, 2002

P.19 掲載の参考文献

10) Baker, J. B., et al.:Type and cross match of the trauma patient. J Trauma, 50:878-881, 2001

11) Ketcham, E. M. & Cairns, C. B.:Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers:Development and clinical potential. Ann Emerg Med, 33:326-337, 1999

P.23 掲載の参考文献

12) Holmes, J. F, et al.:Identification of children with intra abdominal injuries after blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med, 39:500-509, 2002

13) Holmes, J F, et al.:Do all patients with left costal margin injuries require radiographic evaluation for intraabdominal injury? Ann Emerg Med, 46; 232-236, 2005

P.24 掲載の参考文献

14) Asimos, A. W., et al.:Value of point of care blood testing in emergent trauma management. J Trauma, 48:1101-1108, 2000

P.25 掲載の参考文献

15) Velmahos, G. C., et al.:The "seat belt mark" sign:a call for increased vigilance among physicians treating victims of motor vehicle accidents. Am Surg, 65:181-185, 1999

16) Chandler, C. F., et al.:Seatbelt sign following blunt trauma is associated with increased incidence of abdominal injury. Am Surg, 63:885-888, 1997

17) Sokolove, P. E., et al.:Association between the"seat belt sign"and intra-abdominal injury in children with blunt torso trauma. Acad Emerg Med. 12; 808-813, 2005

P.27 掲載の参考文献

18) Mc Gahan, J. P., et al.:Emergency ultrasound in trauma patients. Radiol Clin North Am, 42(2):417-425, 2004

19) Rose, J. S.:Ultrasound in abdominal trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 22(3):581-599, 2004

20) Hahn, D. D., et al.:Clinical importance of intraperitoneal fluid in patients with blunt intra-abdominal injury. Am J Emerg Med, 20:595-600, 2002

21) Shanmuganathan, K., et al.:Hemoperitoneum as the sole indicator of abdominal visceral injuries:a potential limitation of screening abdominal US for trauma. Radiology, 212:423-430, 1999

22) Sirlin, C. B., et al.:Quantification of fluid on screening ultrasonography for blunt abdominal trauma:a simple scoring system to predict severity of injury. J Ultrasound Med, 20:359-364, 2001

23) Huang, M. S., et al.:Ultrasonography for the evaluation of hemoperitoneum during resuscitation:a simple scoring system. J Trauma, 36:173-177, 1994

24) Valentino, M., et al.:Blunt abdominal trauma:emergency contrast enhanced sonography for detection of solid organ injuries. Am J Roentgenol, 186:1361-1367, 2006

P.29 掲載の参考文献

25) Rowan, K. R., et al.:Traumatic pneumothorax detection with thoracic US:correlation with chest radiography and CT. Initial experience. Radiology, 225:210-214, 2002

26) Mandavia, D. P. & Joseph, A.:Bedside echocardiography in chest trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 22(3):601:619, 2004

27) Ollerton, J. E., et al.:Prospective study to evaluate the influence of FAST on trauma patient management. J Trauma, 60:785:791, 2006

28) Holmes, J. F. et al.:Performance of abdominal ultrasonography in blunt trauma patients with out of hospital or emergency department hypotension. Ann Emerg Med, 43:354-61, 2004

P.31 掲載の参考文献

29) Dent, D., et al.:Blunt splenic injuries:high non-operative management rate can be achieved with selective embolization. J Trauma, 56(5):1063-1067, 2004

30) Green, S. M. & Rothrock, S. G.:Is pediatric trauma really a surgical disease? Ann Emerg Med, 39:537-540, 2002

31) Bowman, S. M., et al.:Hospital characteristics associated with the management of pediatric splenic injuries. JAMA, 294; 2611-2617, 2005

P.32 掲載の参考文献

32) Kitano, M., et al.:Computed tomographic scanning and selective laparoscopy in the diagnosis of blunt bowel injury:A prospective study, J Trauma, 58; 696-703, 2005

P.34 掲載の参考文献

33) Thompson, B. T., et al.:Novel Computed Tomography Scan Scoring System Predicts the Need for Intervention after Splenic Injury. J Trauma, 60:1083-1086, 2006

34) Haan, J. M., et al.:Nonoperative Management of Blunt Splenic Injury:A 5-Year Experience. J Trauma, 58:492-498, 2005

35) Liu, P. P., et al.:Use of Splenic Artery Embolization as an Adjust to Nonsurgical Management of Blunt Splenic Injury. J Trauma, 56:768-773, 2004

36) Barquist, E. S., et al.:Inter-and Intrarater Reliability in Computed Axial Tomographic Grading of Splenic Injury:Why So Many Grading Scales? J Trauma, 56:334-338, 2004

P.37 掲載の参考文献

37) Porter, J. M. & Ursic, C. M.:Digital rectal examination for trauma:Does every patient need one? Am Surg, 67(5):438-441, 2001

2章頭はやっぱり大事だよ! ～頭部外傷編～

P.46 掲載の参考文献

1) Cheung, D. S. & Kharasch, M.:Evaluation of the patient with closed head trauma:an evidence based approach. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 17(1):9-23, 1999

2) Karni, A., et al.:Traumatic head injury in the anticoagulated elderly patient:a lethal combination. Am Surg, 67(11):1098-1100, 2001

3) Ivascu, F. A., et al.:Rapid war far in reversal in anticoagulated patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage reduces hemorrhage progression and mortality. J Trauma, 59:1131-1139, 2005

4) Stiell, I. G., et al.:Variation in ED Use of Computed Tomography for Patients With Minor Head Injury. Ann Emerg Med, 30:14-22, 1997

5) Davis, D. P., et al.:The Predictive Value of Field versus Arrival Glasgow Coma Scale Score and TRISS Calculations in Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Trauma, 60:985-990, 2006

P.48 掲載の参考文献

6) Macgregor, D. M. & Mc Kie, L.:CT or not CT that is the question. Whether it is better to evaluate clinically and x ray than to under take CT head scan! Emerg Med J, 22:541-543, 2005

7) Dunning, J. & Lecky, F.:The NICE guidelines in the real world:a practical perspective. Emerg Med J, 21:404-407, 2004

8) Af Geijerstam, J-L., et al.:Mild head injury:observation or computed tomography? Economic aspects by literature review and decision analysis. Emerg Med J, 21:54-58, 2004

9) Falimirski, M. E., et al.:The need for head computed tomography in patients sustaining loss of consciousness after mild head injury. J Trauma, 55:1-6, 2003

10) Shravat, B. P., et al.:NICE guideline for the management of head injury:an audit demonstrating its impact on a district general hospital, with a cost analysis for England and Wales. Emerg Med J, 23:109-113, 2006

P.51 掲載の参考文献

11) Meredith, W., Rutledge, R., Fakhry, S. M., et al.:The conundrum of the Glasgow Coma Scale in intubated patients:a linear regression prediction of the Glasgow verbal score from the Glasgow eye and motor scores.:J Trauma, 44:839-844, 1998

P.52 掲載の参考文献

12) Batchelor, J. & Mc Guiness, A.:A meta-analysis of GCS 15 head injured patients with loss of consciousness or post-traumatic amnesia. Emerg Med J, 19:515-519, 2002

13) Miller, E. C., et al.:Utilizing clinical factors to reduce head CT scan ordering for minor head trauma patients. J Emerg Med, 15:453-457, 1997

14) Haydel, M. J., et al.:Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med, 343:100-105, 2000

15) Miller, E. C., et al.:Minor head trauma:Is computed tomography always necessary? Ann Emerg Med, 27:290-294, 1996

16) Holmes, J. F., et al.:Failure of the Miller criteria to predict significant intracranial injury in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 after minor head trauma. Acad Emerg Med, 4(8):788-792, 1997

17) Inamasu, J., et al.:CT Scans Essential After Post traumatic Loss of Consciousness. Am J Emerg Med, 18:810-811, 2000

P.53 掲載の参考文献

18) Stiell, I. G., et al.:The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet, 357:1391-1396, 2001

19) Mower, W. R., et al.:Developing a Clinical Decision Instrument to Rule Out Intracranial Injuries in Patients With Minor Head Trauma:Methodology of the NEXUS II Investigation. Ann Emerg Med, 40:505-514, 2002

20) Jagoda, A. S., et al.:Clinical policy:neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. Ann Emerg Med, 40:231-249, 2002

21) The management of minor closed head injury in children. Committee on Quality Improvement, American Academy of Pediatrics. Commission on Clinical Policies and Research, American Academy of Family Physicians. Pediatrics, 104(6):1407-1415, 1999

22) Thiessen, M. L. & Woolridge, D. P.:Pediatric minor closed head injury. Pediatr Clin North Am, 53; 1-26, 2006

P.55 掲載の参考文献

23) Practice parameter:the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. Neurology, 48:581-585, 1997

24) Jagoda, A. & Riggio, S.:Mild traumatic brain injury and the postconcussive syndrome. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 18(2):355-363, 2000

P.58 掲載の参考文献

25) Stocchetti, N., et al.:Hypoxemia and arterial hypotension at the accident scene in head injury. J Trauma, 40:764-767, 1996

26) Winchell, R. J., et al.:Use of computed tomography of the head in the hypotensive blunt-trauma patient. Ann Emerg Med, 25:73-742, 1995

P.59 掲載の参考文献

27) Gruen, P. & Liu, C.:Current trends in the management of head injury. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 16(1):63-83, 1998

28) Schreiber, M. A., et al.:Determinants of mortality in patients with severe blunt head injury. Arch Surg, 137:285-290, 2002

29) Clifton, G. L., et al.:Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med, 344:556-563, 2001

30) Harris, O. A., et al.:The role of hypothermia in the management of severe brain injury. Arch Neurol, 59:1077-1083, 2002

31) Shaw, G. J., et al.:Serum cleaved tau protein levels and clinical outcome in adult patients with closed head injury. Ann Emerg Med, 39:254-257, 2002

32) Management and Prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury:brain trauma foundation, 2000

33) 重症頭部外傷治療・管理のガイドライン. (日本神経外傷学会編). 医学書院, 2001

3章急所を押さえる～「頸椎外傷」

P.66 掲載の参考文献

1) プレホスピタル外傷学 (プレホスピタル外傷研究会編), 永井書店, 2002

2) National Association of Emergency Medica.:PHTLS:Basic and Advanced Preospital Trauma Life Support Revised. Elsevier Science Health Science div, 2003

3) J. E. Campbell.:BTLS:Basic Trauma Life Support for Paramedics and Other Advanced Providers. Prentice Hall, 2003

P.67 掲載の参考文献

4) Baez, A. A. & Schiebel, N.:Is Routine Spinal Immobilization an Effective Intervention for Trauma Patients? Ann Emerg Med, 47:110-112, 2006

P.69 掲載の参考文献

5) Stroh, G. & Braude, D.:Cab an out of hospital cervical spine clearance protocol identify all patients with injuries? An argument for selective immobilization. Ann Emerg Med, 37:609-615, 2001

6) Domeier, R. M., et al.:Prospective Performance Assessment of an Out-of-Hospital Protocol for Selective Spine Immobilization Using Clinical Spine Clearance Criteria. Ann Emerg Med 46, 123-131, 2005

P.70 掲載の参考文献

7) Iida, H., et al.:Association of Head Trauma with Cervical Spine Injury, Spinal Cord Injury, or Both. J Trauma, 46:450-452, 1999

8) Chong, C. L., et al.:Is Cervical Spine Imaging Indicated in Gunshot Wounds to the Cranium? J Trauma, 44:501-502, 1998

9) Demetriades, D., et al.:Initial Evaluation and Management of Gunshot Wounds to the Face. J Trauma, 45:39-41, 1998

P.71 掲載の参考文献

10) Ollerton, J. E., et al.:Potential cervical spine injury and difficult airway management for emergency intubation of trauma adults in the emergency department a systematic review. Emerg Med J, 23:3-11, 2006

P.72 掲載の参考文献

11) Hoffman, J. R., et al.:Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. N Engl J Med, 343:94-99, 2000

12) Touger, M., et al.:Validity of a decision rule to reduce cervical spine radiography in elderly patients with blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med, 40:287-293, 2002

13) Panacek, E. A., et al.:Test performance of the individual NEXUS Low-risk clinical screening criteria for cervical spine injury. Ann Emerg Med, 38:22-25, 2001

14) Stiell, I. G., et al.:The Canadian C-Spine Rule versus the NEXUS Low Risk Criteria in Patients with Trauma. N Engl J Med, 349:2510-2518, 2003

P.74 掲載の参考文献

15) Ullrich, A., et al.:Distracting painful injuries associated with cervical spinal injuries in blunt trauma. Acad Emerg Med, 8:25-29, 2001

16) Holmes, J. F., et al.:Prospective evaluation of criteria for obtaining thoracolumbar radiographs in trauma patients. J Emerg Med, 24:17 2003

17) Li, S. F. & Greenwald, P. W.:How Distracting Is Distracting Pain? Am J Emerg Med, 21:4344, 2003

18) Chang, C. H., et al.:Distracting injuries in patients with vertebral injuries. J Emerg Med, 28:147-152, 2005

P.77 掲載の参考文献

19) Barrett, T. W., et al.:Injuries missed by limited computed tomographic imaging of patients with cervical spine injuries. Ann Emerg Med, 47:129-133, 2006

P.80 掲載の参考文献

20) Diaz, J. J. Jr., et al.:Are five view plain films of the cervical spine unreliable? A prospective evaluation in blunt trauma patients with altered mental status. J Trauma, 55:658-663, 2003

21) Schenarts, P. J., et al.:Prospective comparison of admission computed tomographic scan and plain films of the upper cervical spine in trauma patients with altered mental status. JTrauma, 51:663-669, 2001

22) Berne, J. D., et al.:Value of complete cervical helical computed tomographic scanning in identifying cervical spine injury in the unevaluable blunt trauma patient with multiple injuries:a prospective study. J Trauma, 47:896-903, 1999

23) Holmes, J. F., et al.:Variability in Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Cervical Spine Injuries. J Trauma, 53:524-530, 2002

24) Goldberg, W., et al.:Distribution and patterns of blunt traumatic cervical spine injury. Ann Emerg Med, 38:17-21, 2001

25) Brohi, K., et al.:Helical computed tomographic scanning for the evaluation of the cervical spine in the unconscious, intubated trauma patient. J Trauma, 58:897-901, 2005

26) Widder, S., et al.:Prospective evaluation of computed tomographic scanning for the spinal clearance of obtunded trauma patients:Preliminary results. J Trauma, 56:11791184, 2004

27) Sanchez, B. et al:Cervical Spine Clearance in Blunt Trauma:Evaluation of a Computed Tomography Based Protocol. J Trauma, 59:179-183, 2005

28) Gale, S. C., et al.:The In efficiency of Plain Radiography to Evaluate the Cervical Spine After Blunt Trauma. J Trauma, 59:1121-1125, 2005

29) Holmes, J. F. & Akkinepalli, R.:Computed Tomography Versus Plain Radiography to Screen for Cervical Spine Injury:A Meta Analysis. J Trauma, 58:902-905, 2005

P.82 掲載の参考文献

30) American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Management of pediatric cervical spine and spinal cord injuries. Neurosurgery, 50:S85-99, 2002

31) Swichuk, L. E., et al.:Is the open mouth odontoid view necessary in children under 5 years? Pediatr Radiol, 30:186-189, 2000

32) Viccelio, P., et al.:Prispective multicenter study of cervical spine injury in children. Pediatrics, 108:16, 2001 http://pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/108/2/e20

33) Smart, P. J. E., et al.:Cervical spine injuries to children under 11:should we use radiography more selectively in their initial assessment? Emerg Med J, 20:225-227, 2003

P.84 掲載の参考文献

34) Greenhalgh, T. & Peacock, R.:Effectiveness and efficiency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence:audit of primary sources. BMJ, 331:1064-1065, 2005

P.87 掲載の参考文献

35) Bilello, J. F., et al.:Cervical Spinal Cord Injury and the Need for Cardiovascular Intervention. Arch Surg, 138:1127-1129, 2003

36) Chiles, B. W. & Cooper, P. R.:Acute spinal injury. N Engl J Med, 334:514-520, 1996

P.90 掲載の参考文献

37) Insko, E. K., et al.: Utility of flexion and extension radiographs of the cervical spine in the acute evaluation of blunt trauma. J Trauma, 53 : 426-429, 2002

38) Pollack, C. V., et al.: Use of flexion-extension radiographs of the cervical spine in blunt trauma. Ann Emrg Med, 38 : 8-11, 2001

39) Ghanta, M. K., et al.: An analysis of eastern association for the surgery of trauma practice guidelines for cervical spine evaluation in a series of patients with multiple imaging techniques. Am Surg, 68 : 563-568, 2002

40) Anglen, J., et al.:Flexion and extension views are not cost effective in a cervical spine clearance protocol dor obtunded trauma patients. J Trauma, 52:54-59, 2002

41) Davis, J. W., et al.:Routine evaluation of the cervical spine in head injured patients with dynamic fluoroscopy:a reappraisal. J Trauma, 50:1044-1047, 2001

42) Albrecht, R. M., et al.:Severity of Cervical Spine Ligamentous Injury Correlates With Mechanism of Injury, Not With Severity of Blunt Head Trauma. Am Surg, 69:261-265, 2003

43) Diaz, J. J. Jr., et al.:The early work up for isolated ligamentous injury of the cervical spine:Does computed tomography scan have a role? J Trauma, 59:897-903, 2005

44) Stassen, N. A., et al.:Magnetic resonance imaging in combination with helical computed tomography provides a safe and efficient method of cervical spine clearance in the obtunded trauma patient. J Trauma, 60:171-177, 2006

45) Ackland, H. M., et al.:Magnetic Resonance imaging for clearing the cervical spine in unconscious intensive care trauma patients. J Trauma, 60:668-673, 2006

46) Bolinger, B., et al.:Bedside fluoroscopic fl:exion and extension cervical spine radiographs for clearance of the cervical spine in comatose trauma patients. J Trauma, 56:132-136, 2004

47) Padayachee, L., et al.:Cervical Spine Clearance in Unconscious Traumatic Brain Injury Patients:Dynamic Flexion Extension Fluoroscopy versus Computed Tomography with Three Dimensional Reconstruction. J Trauma, 60:341-345, 2006

48) Knopp, R., et al.:Defining radiographic criteria for flexion extension studies of the cervical spine. Ann Emerg Med, 38:31-35, 2001

49) Houghton, L. & Driscoll, P.:Cervical immobilization - are we achieving it? Prehosp Immed Care, 3:17-21, 1999

P.94 掲載の参考文献

50) Hugenholtz, H.:Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury:not a standard of care. CMAJ, 168:1145-1146, 2003

51) Spencer, M. T. & Bazarian, J. J.:Are Corticosteroids Effective in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury? Ann Emerg Med, 41:410-413, 2003

52) Bracken, M. B., et al.:Efficacy of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. JAMA, 251:45-52, 1984

53) Bracken, M. B., et al.:A randomized controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. N Engl J Med, 322:1405-1411, 1990

54) Bracken, M. B., et al.:Administration of methylpredonisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. JAMA, 277:1597-1604, 1997

55) Bracken, M. B.:Steroids for acute spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3:CD001046, 2002

P.95 掲載の参考文献

56) Kuhlman, G. S. & Mckeag, D. B.:The "Burner" : A Common Nerve Injury in Contact Sports. Am Fam Physician, 60:2035-2042, 1999

P.96 掲載の参考文献

57) Cothren, C. C., et al.:Cervical spine fracture patterns predictive of blunt vertebral artery injury. J Trauma, 55:811-813, 2003

58) Roberts, L. H. & Demetriades, D.:Vertebral artery injuries. Surg Clin North Am, 81:1345-1356, 2001

59) Schneidereit, N. P., et al.:Utility of Screening for Blunt Vascular Neck Injuries with Computed Tomographic Angiography. J Trauma, 60:209-216, 2006

P.100 掲載の参考文献

60) McClune, T., et al.:Whiplash associated disorders:a review of the literature to guide patient information and advice. Emerg Med J, 19:499-506, 2002

61) McClune, T., et al.:Evaluation of an evidence based patient educational booklet for management of whiplash associated disorders. Emerg Med J, 20:514-517, 2003

62) Rosenfeld, M., et al.:Early intervention in whiplash associated disorders:a comparison of two treatment protocols. Spine, 25:1782-1787, 2000

63) Rosenfeld, M., et al.:Active intervention in patients with whiplash-associated disorders improves longterm prognosis:a randomized controlled clinical trial. Spine, 28:2491-2498, 2003

64) Crouch, R., et al.:Whiplash associated disorder:incidence and natural history over the first month for patients presenting to a UK emergency department. Emerg Med J, 23:114-118, 2006

65) Atherton, K., et al.:Predictors of persistent neck pain after whiplash injury Emerg Med J, 23:195-201, 2006

4章今, カナダが熱い! ～世界に発信! カナダルール～

P.106 掲載の参考文献

1) Stiell, I. G., et al.:A study to develop clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Ann Emerg Med, 21:384-390, 1992

2) Stiell, I. G., et al.:Implementation of the Ottawa ankle rules. JAMA, 271:827-832, 1994

3) Pigman, E. C., et al.:Evaluation of the Ottawa clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle and midfoot injuries in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med, 24:41-45, 1994

4) Lucchesi, G. M., et al.:Sensitivity of the Ottawa Rules. Ann Emerg Med, 26 (1), 1995

5) Wolfe, M. W., et al.:Management of Ankle Sprains. Am Fam Physician, 63:93-104, 2001

6) Wedmore, I. S. & Charette, J.:Emergency Department Evaluation and Treatment of Ankle and Foot Injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 18 (1):85-113, 2000

7) Derksen, R. J., et al.:Diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility in the interpretation of Ottawa ankle and foot rules by specialized emergency nurses Am J Emerg Med, 23 (6):725-729, 2005

P.109 掲載の参考文献

8) Stiell, I. G., et al.:Derivation of a decision rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. Ann Emerg Med, 26:405-413, 1995

9) Stiell, I. G. et al.:Prospective validation of a decision rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. JAMA, 275 (8):611-615, 1996

10) Stiell, I. G. et al.:Implementation of the Ottawa knee rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. JAMA, 278:2075-2079, 1997

11) Emparanza, J. I. & Aginaga, J. R., for the Estudio Multicentro en Urgencias de Osakidetza:Reglas de Ottawa (EMUORO) Group:Validation of the Ottawa Knee Rules. Ann Emerg Med, 38:364-368, 2001

12) Nichol, G. et al.:An economic analysis of the Ottawa knee rule. Ann Emerg Med, 34:438-447, 1999

13) Roberts, D. M. & Stallard, T. C.:Emergency department evaluation and treatment of knee and leg injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 18 (1):67-84, 2000 http://www. ohri. ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/OHDEC/knee_rule/default. asp

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14) Graham, I. D. et al.:Awareness and use of the Ottawa Ankle and Knee Rules in 5 countries:can publication alone be enough to change practice? Ann Emerg Med, 37:259-266, 2001

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15) Stiell, I. G., et al.:The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet, 357:1391-1396, 2001

16) Stiell, I. G., et al.:The Canadian CT Head Rule Study for patients with minor head injury:rationale, objectives, and methodology for phase I (derivation). Ann Emerg Med, 38:160-169, 2001

17) Stiell, I. G., et al.:Canadian CT Head Rule Study for Patients With Minor Head Injury:Methodology for Phase II. Ann Emerg Med, 38:317-322, 2001

18) Stiell, I. G., et al.:Comparison of the Canadian CT Head Rule and the New Orleans Criteria in Patients With Minor Head Injury. JAMA, 294:1511-1518, 2005

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19) Stiell, I. G., et al.:The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA, 286:1841-1848, 200

20) Hoffman, J. R., et al.:Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. N Engl J Med, 343:94-99, 2000

21) Panacek, E. A., et al., for the NEXUS Group:Test performance of the individual NEXUS low-risk clinical screening criteria for cervical spine injury. Ann Emerg Med, 38:22-25, 2001

22) Pollack, C. V. Jr., et al., for the NEXUS Group:Use of flexion extension radiographs of the cervical spine in blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med, 38:8-11, 2001

23) Stiell, I. G., et al.:The Canadian C-spine rule versus the NEXUS Low Risk Criteria in patients with trauma. N Engl J Med, 349:2510-2518, 2003

24) Stiell, I. G. & Wells, G. A.:Methodologic standards for the development of clinical decision rules in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med, 33:437-447, 1999

5章ガブッときたらどうするの?

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2) Cummings, P.:Antibiotics to prevent infection in patients with dog bite wounds:a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Ann Emerg. Med, 23(3):535-540, 1994

3) Chen, E., et al.:Primary closure of mammalian bites. Acad Emerg Med., 7(2):157-161, 2000

4) Hovenga, S., et al.:Dog bite induced sepsis:a report of four cases. Intensive Care Med., 23:1179-1180, 1997

5) Valente, J. H., et al.:Wound irrigation in childrens :Saline solution or tap water ? Ann Emerg Med, 41:609-616, 2003

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6) Ross, J. S., et al.:Effect of Blinded Peer Review on Abstract Acceptance. JAMA, 295:1675-1680, 2006

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7) Presutti, R. J.:Prevention and Treatment of Dog Bites. Am Fam Physician, 63:1567-1572, 1573-1574, 2001

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8) Hsu, S. S. & Groleau, G.:Tetanus in the emergency department:a current review. J Emerg Med, 20:357-365, 2001

9) Moran, G. J., et al.:Appropriateness of rabies postexposure prophylaxis treatment for animal exposures. JAMA. 284:1001-1007, 2000

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10) Brook, I.:Microbiology and management of human and animal bite wound infections. Prim Care, 30:25-39, 2003

11) Kravetz, J. D. & Federman, D. G.:Cat Associated Zoonoses. Arch Intern Med, 162:1945-1952, 2002

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12) Bhattacharjee, C., Bradley, P., Smith, M., Scally, A. J. & Wilson, B. J.:Do animals bite more during a full moon? BMJ, 321:1559-1561, 2000

13) Chapman, S. & Morrell, S.:Barking mad? Another lunatic hypothesis bites the dust. Br Med J, 321:1561-1563, 2000

14) Nomura, J. T., et al.:A Randomized Paired Comparison Trial of Cutaneous Treatments for Acute Jellyfish (Carybdea alata) Stings. Am J Emerg Med, 20:624-626, 2002

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15) Talan, D. A., et al., Emergency Medicine Animal Bite Infection Study Group:Bacteriologic Analysis of infected dog and cat bites. N Engl J Med, 340(2):85-92, 1999

16) Turner, T. W. S.:Do mammalian bites require antibiotic prophylaxis? Ann Emerg Med 44:274-276, 2004

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17) Gold, B. S., et al.:North American snake envenomation:diagnosis, treatment, and management. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 22:423-443, 2004

18) Alberts, M. B. et al.:Suction for Venomous Snakebite:A Study of "Mock Venom" Extraction in a Human Model. Ann Emerg Med, 43:181-186, 2004

19) Warrell, D. A.:Treatment of bites by adders and exotic venomous snakes, BMJ, 331:1244-1247, 2005

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20) Premawardhena, A. P., et al.:Low dose subcutaneous adrenaline to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom serum in people bitten by snakes:randomised, placebo controlled trial. BMJ, 318:1041-1043, 1999

21) Offerman, S. R., et al.:Does the aggressive use of polyvalent antivenin for rattlesnake bites result in serious acute side effects? West J Med, 175:88-91, 2001

22) Dart, R. C. & Mc Nally, J.:Efficacy, safety, and use of snake antivenoms in the United States. Ann Emerg Med, 37:181-188, 2001

23) Seifert, S. A. & Boyer, L. V.:Recurrence phenomena after immunoglobulin therapy for snake envenomations:part 1. Pharmaco kinetics and pharmaco dynamics of immunoglobulin antivenoms and related antibodies. Ann Emerg Med, 37:189-195, 2001

24) Boyer, L. V., et al.:Recurrence phenomena after immunoglobulin therapy for snake envenomations:part 2. Guidelines for clinical management with crotaline Fab antivenom. Ann Emerg Med, 37:196-201, 2001

25) Dart, R. C., et al.:A Randomized Multicenter Trial of Crotalinae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) Antivenom for the Treatment for Crotaline Snakebite in the United States. Arch Intern Med, 161:2030-2036, 2001

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26) Terry, P.:The use of antibiotics in venomous snake bite. Emerg Med J, 19:48-49, 2002

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6章アナフィラキシーなんて恐くない!

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3) Simons, F. E.:First aid treatment of anaphylaxis to food:focus on epinephrine. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 113(5):837-844, 2004

4) Tang, A. W.:A Practical Guide to Anaphylaxis. Am Fam Physician, 68:1325-1332, 2003

5) Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology:The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101(6 Pt 2):S465-528, 1998

6) Kay, A. B.:Allergy and allergic disease. N Engl J Med, 344(1):30-37, 2001

7) Pollack, C. V. Jr.:Utility of glucagon in the emergency department. J Emerg Med, 11:195-205, 1993

8) Schummer, W., et. al.:Anaphylactic shock:Is vasopressin the drug of choice? Anesthesiology, 101:1025-1027, 2004

9) Sampson, H. A., et al.:Second Symposium on the Definition and Management of Anaphylaxis:Summary Report Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network Symposium. Ann Emerg Med, 47:373-380, 2006

10) Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, et al.:The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis:An updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 115(3 Suppl 2):S483-523, 2005

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11) Brown, S. G. et al.:Insect sting anaphylaxis; prospective evaluation of treatment with in travenous adrenaline and volume resuscitation. Emerg Med J, 21:149-154, 2004

12) Moffitt, J. E., et al.:Stinging insect hypersensitivity:A Practice Parameter Update. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 114:869-886, 2004

13) Theodore, M., et al.:Hypersensitivity to hymenoptera stings. N Engl J Med, 351:1978-1984, 2004

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14) Visscher, P. K., et al.:Removing bee stings. Lancet, 348:301-302, 1996

15) Kolecki, P.:Delayed toxic reaction following massive be envenomation. Ann Emerg Med, 33:114-116, 1999

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16) American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement:Guidelines for the Evaluation of Food Allergies. Gastroenterology, 120:1023-1025, 2001

17) Lack, G., et al.:Factors Associated with the Development of Peanut Allergy in Childhood. N Engl J Med, 348:977-985, 2003

18) Sampson, H. A.:Peanut allergy. N Engl J Med, 346(17):1294-1299, 2002

19) Al Muhsen, S., et al.:Peanut allergy:an overview. CMAJ, 168(10):1279-1285, 2003

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20) Kelly, K. J. & Walsh-Kelly, C. M.:Latex allergy:a patient and health care system emergency. Ann Emerg Med, 32:723-729, 1998

21) Sampson, H. A.:Update on food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 113(5):805-819, 2004

22) Simons, F. E.:Anaphylaxis, killer allergy:longterm management in the community. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 117:367-377, 2006

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23) Guarderas, J. C.:Is it food poisoning ? Postgrad Med, 109(4):125-134, 2001

24) Muller, B. A.:Urticaria and angioedema:a practical approach. Am Fam Physician, 69:1123-1128, 2004

25) Bowen, T., et al.:Canadian 2003 international consensus algorithm for the diagnosis, therapy, and management of hereditary angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 114:629-637, 2004

26) Hill, B. J.:Fresh frozen plasma for acute exacerbations of hereditary angioedema. Am JEmerg Med, 22(7):633, 2004

7章泌尿器科救急の落とし穴

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4) Marcozzi, D. & Suner, S.:The nontraumatic, acute scrotum. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 19:547-568, 2001

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5) Cummings, J. M., et al.:Adult testicular torsion. J Urol, 167 (5):2109-2110, 2002

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7) Sidhu, P. S.:Clinical and imaging features of testicular torsion:role of ultrasound. Clin Radiol, 54 (6):343-352, 1999

8) Blaivas, M., et al.:Ultrasonographic diagnosis of testicular torsion by emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med, 18 (2):198-200, 2000

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9) Rosenstein, D. & Mc Aninch, J. W.:Urologic emergencies. Med Clin North Am, 88:495-518, 2004

10) Haynes, J. H.:Inguinal and scrotal disorders. Surg Clin North Am, 86:371-381, 2006

11) Morrison, D., et al. Emergency diagnosis of Fournier's gangrene with bedside ultrasound. Am J Emerg Med, 23:544-547, 2005

12) Dogra, V. & Bhatt, S.:Acute painful scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am, 42:349-363, 2004

13) Blaivas, M. & Brannam, L.:Testicular ultrasound. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 22:723-748, 2004

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8章知ってるようで知らない尿管結石

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2) Luchs, J. S, et al.:Utility of hematuria testing in patients with suspected renal colic:Correlation with unenhanced helical CT results. Urology, 59(6):839-842, 2002

3) Kobayashi, T., et al.:Impact of date of onset on the absence of hematuria in patients with acute renal colic. J Urol, 170:1093-1096, 2003

4) Manfredini, R., et al.:Circadian pattern in occurrence of renal colic in an emergency department:analysis of patients' notes. BMJ, 324:767, 2002

5) Eray, O., et al.:The efficacy of urinalysis, plain films, and spiral CT in ED patients with suspected renal colic. Am J Emerg Med, 21:152-154, 2003

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6) Portis, A. J., et al.:Diagnosis and Initial Management of Kidney Stones. Am Fam Physician, 63:1329-1338, 2001

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8) Worster, A., et al.:The accuracy of noncontrast helical computed tomography versus intravenous pyelography in the diagnosis of suspected acute urolithiasis:a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med, 40(3):280-286, 2002

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12) Holdgate, A., et al.:Systematic review of the relative efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids in the treatment of acute renal colic. BMJ, 328:1401-1408, 2004

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13) Hess, B.:Nutritional aspects of stone disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 31:1017-1030, 2002

14) Borghi, L., et al.:Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med, 346:77-84, 2002

15) Parmar, M. S.:Kidney stones. BMJ, 328:1420-1424, 2004

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