1) 布施谷仁志, 川真田樹人. レボブピバカイン. 臨床麻酔 2012 ; 36 : 345-52.
2) Crews JC, et al. A comparison of the analgesic efficacy of 0.25 % levobupivacaine combined with 0.005% morphine, 0.25% levobupivacaine alone, or 0.005% morphine alone for the management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 1999 ; 89 : 1504-9.
3) Dernedde M, et al. Continuous epidural infusion of large concentration/small volume versus small concentration/large volume of levobupivacaine for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 2003 ; 96 : 796-801.
4) Kopacz DJ, et al. A comparison levobupivacaine 0.125%, fentanyl 4 microg/mL, or their combination for the patient-controlled epidural analgesia after major orthopedic surgery. Anesth Analg 1999 ; 89 : 1497-503.
5) Murdock JA, et al. The efficacy and safety of three concentrations of levobupivacaine administered as a continuous epidural infusion in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Anesth Analg 2002 ; 94 : 438-44.
6) Valenzuela C, et al. Stereoselective block of cardiac sodium channels by bupivacaine in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Circulation 1995 ; 92 : 3014-24.
8) Burlacu CL, Buggy DJ. Update local anesthetics : Focus on levobupivacaine. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2008 ; 4 : 381-92.
9) Chang DH, et al. Tolerability of large-dose intravenous levobupivacaine in sheep. Anesth Analg 2000 ; 91 : 671-9.
10) Bardsley H, et al. A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of levobupivacaine and rac-bupivacaine following intravenous administration to healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998 ; 46 : 245-9.
11) Kopacz DJ, Allen HW. Accidental intravenous levobupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1999 ; 89 : 1027-9.
12) Pirotta D, Sprigge J. Convulsions following axillary brachial plexus blockade with levobupivacaine. Anaesthesia 2002 ; 57 : 1187-9.
13) Salomaki TE, et al. Successful resuscitation after cardiovascular collapse following accidental intravenous infusion of levobupivacaine during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2005 ; 103 : 1095-6.